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Related Concept Videos

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

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Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Mitral Valve Prolapse II: Assessment and Management01:22

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IntroductionA range of clinical features characterizes Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP), but it is important to note that many individuals with MVP are asymptomatic and may remain so throughout their lives. For those who do exhibit symptoms, the following are the key clinical features:Palpitations: This is a common symptom where individuals feel an irregular or rapid heartbeat. Palpitations in MVP are often due to arrhythmias such as premature ventricular contractions or supraventricular...
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Equilibrium and Balance

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The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
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Dizziness in a patient with a permanent VVI pacemaker.

Eusebio García-Izquierdo1, Carolina Parra1, Jorge Toquero1

  • 1Arrhythmia Unit, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.

The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
|December 15, 2017
PubMed
Summary

A pacemaker malfunction caused a patient's symptomatic bradycardia. Continuous ECG monitoring revealed atrial fibrillation and complete heart block, indicating pacemaker failure to capture.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillationECG/electrocardiogramElectrocardiographyPacemakers

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Pacemakers are crucial for managing bradycardia.
  • Lead integrity and capture are vital for pacemaker function.

Observation:

  • An 83-year-old woman presented with symptomatic bradycardia.
  • She had a 15-year-old single-chamber pacemaker.

Findings:

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed atrial fibrillation with complete atrioventricular block.
  • The pacemaker exhibited complete failure to capture.
  • Sensing was preserved, as evidenced by differing pacing output timing cycles.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of continuous ECG monitoring in pacemaker patients.
  • Preserved sensing despite failure to capture suggests potential lead issues.
  • Understanding pacemaker function is critical for diagnosing and managing cardiac arrhythmias.