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Related Concept Videos

Stress Response System01:21

Stress Response System

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The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
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Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Physiological Foundation of Stress01:24

Physiological Foundation of Stress

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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

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An Elongin-Cullin-SOCS Box Complex Regulates Stress-Induced Serotonergic Neuromodulation.

Xicotencatl Gracida1, Michael F Dion2, Gareth Harris3

  • 1FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Cell Reports
|December 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how heat stress alters serotonin-dependent feeding behavior in C. elegans. It identifies ELC-2, a protein involved in an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, as crucial for this long-lasting behavioral change.

Keywords:
C. elegansElonginCTRAPfeedingheat shock responseneuromodulationserotoninvon Hippel-Lindau

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Neuromodulatory cells integrate environmental cues to shape persistent behaviors.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms of neuronal influence on behavioral plasticity is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular underpinnings of long-lasting behavioral changes induced by environmental stress.
  • To identify specific genes and protein complexes involved in neuromodulation and behavioral plasticity in C. elegans.

Main Methods:

  • Adapted translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) in C. elegans to profile ribosome-associated mRNAs.
  • Focused analysis on neuromodulatory dopaminergic and serotonergic cells.
  • Investigated the role of Elongin C (ELC-2) and VHL-1 in heat stress-induced behavioral changes.

Main Results:

  • Identified elc-2, encoding Elongin C, specifically in stress-sensing serotonergic neurons (ADF).
  • Demonstrated ELC-2's role in mediating long-lasting changes in serotonin-dependent feeding behavior after heat stress.
  • Showed that ELC-2 and VHL-1, part of an ECS E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, modulate behavior post-stress.
  • Observed nuclear enrichment of ELC-2 following heat stress, indicating dynamic regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic regulation of E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, specifically the ECS complex, is critical for neuromodulation.
  • The ECS complex plays a key role in controlling lasting behavioral states in response to environmental stimuli.
  • ELC-2 is a novel component involved in stress-induced behavioral plasticity in C. elegans.