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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

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Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
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RNA Structure01:19

RNA Structure

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
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Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

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For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Nucleic acids02:43

Nucleic acids

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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
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The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the genetic material in all living organisms, ranging from single-celled bacteria to multicellular mammals. It is in the nucleus of eukaryotes and in the organelles, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. In prokaryotes,...
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

DNA Origami-Mediated Substrate Nanopatterning of Inorganic Structures for Sensing Applications
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DNA Origami-Mediated Substrate Nanopatterning of Inorganic Structures for Sensing Applications

Published on: September 27, 2019

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Single-stranded DNA and RNA origami.

Dongran Han1,2, Xiaodong Qi3,4, Cameron Myhrvold1,2

  • 1Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method for designing single DNA or RNA strands that fold into complex, knot-free shapes. This advance enables scalable, bottom-up nanotechnology with replicable nucleic acid nanostructures.

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Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Self-folding of polymers into defined structures is crucial in biology.
  • Multicomponent self-assembly has created complex synthetic nanostructures.
  • Unimolecular folding strategies have faced limitations in complexity and scalability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a framework for designing and synthesizing single nucleic acid strands that self-fold into arbitrary, complex, and unknotted shapes.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of unimolecular folding for creating large-scale, replicable nanostructures.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a computational framework for predicting and designing unimolecular folding pathways.
  • Experimental synthesis of multikilobase single-stranded DNA and RNA structures.
  • In vitro and in vivo (living cells) replication of designed nucleic acid strands.

Main Results:

  • Successful design and experimental construction of diverse, complex, and unknotted single-stranded nucleic acid nanostructures.
  • Creation of a ~10,000-nucleotide DNA structure and a ~6000-nucleotide RNA structure.
  • Demonstration of facile replication of these structures both in vitro and within living cells.

Conclusions:

  • Unimolecular folding is a viable and general strategy for constructing complex and replicable nucleic acid nanostructures.
  • This approach significantly expands the design space and material scalability for bottom-up nanotechnology.
  • The developed framework facilitates the creation of custom-shaped nucleic acid nanomaterials.