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Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Reporter Genes

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.

What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::β-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

Floral-dip Transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana to Examine pTSO2::β-glucuronidase Reporter Gene Expression

Published on: June 11, 2010

Stochastic gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Ilka Schultheiß Araújo¹, Jessica Magdalena Pietsch¹, Emma Mathilde Keizer²

¹Botanical Institute, Biocenter, Cologne University, 50674, Cologne, Germany.

Nature Communications

|December 16, 2017

Summary

Gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana shows fluctuations due to cellular noise. This stochasticity varies by tissue and can be coupled between cells, impacting plant development.

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Area of Science:

Plant biology
Molecular biology
Genetics

Background:

Plant development exhibits high reproducibility, yet stochasticity exists, potentially driven by noisy gene expression.
Understanding gene expression noise is crucial for deciphering developmental variability in plants.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze protein expression fluctuations in individual Arabidopsis thaliana cells.
To differentiate between extrinsic and intrinsic noise in marker gene expression.
To investigate tissue-specific differences and intercellular coupling of gene expression stochasticity.

Main Methods:

Utilized the photoconvertible KikGR fluorescent protein marker to track protein expression dynamics in single cells.
Employed a dual reporter system to quantify extrinsic and intrinsic noise components.
Examined gene expression coupling in various tissues, including young leaves, hypocotyls, roots, and mature leaves.

Main Results:

Individual Arabidopsis thaliana cells exhibit temporal fluctuations in protein expression.
Extrinsic noise is a greater contributor to gene expression variability than intrinsic noise.
Extrinsic noise levels are significantly lower in stomata compared to other tissues.
Intercellular coupling of stochastic protein expression is observed in young leaves, hypocotyls, and roots, but not in mature leaves.

Conclusions:

Stochasticity in gene expression is not uniform across plant tissues and cell types.
Intercellular coupling of gene expression noise occurs in a non-cell-autonomous manner.
These findings provide insights into the regulation of developmental plasticity in plants.