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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Bacterial growth is closely tied to nutrient availability, with cells proliferating exponentially under favorable conditions and entering a stationary phase when resources become scarce. This transition is mediated by a regulatory mechanism known as the stringent response, which allows bacteria to adapt to nutrient deprivation by modulating gene expression and metabolic activity.During nutrient scarcity, intracellular amino acid levels decline. It results in the accumulation of uncharged tRNAs...
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Repressible Operon: trp Operon01:21

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The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
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Creating Defined Gaseous Environments to Study the Effects of Hypoxia on C. elegans
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Translational regulation in the anoxic turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans.

Kama E Szereszewski1, Kenneth B Storey2

  • 1Institute of Biochemistry and Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry
|December 16, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Red-eared slider turtles survive anoxia by altering the mTOR pathway. Protein synthesis is suppressed in muscle but enhanced in the liver, aiding survival during winter submergence.

Keywords:
AKTAnoxiaMetabolic rate depressionProtein synthesisRed-eared sliderS6

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
  • Comparative Physiology
  • Anoxia Tolerance Mechanisms

Background:

  • Red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) exhibit remarkable adaptations to survive anoxic conditions during winter ice cover.
  • Key survival strategies include increased fuel reserves, acidosis buffering, altered gene expression, and suppressed metabolic rates, particularly protein synthesis.
  • The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is central to regulating protein translation and cellular growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the response of the mTOR signaling pathway to anoxic submergence in the liver and skeletal muscle of T. scripta elegans.
  • To analyze regulatory changes in the phosphorylation states of mTOR pathway components during anoxia.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mTOR signaling pathway components in liver and skeletal muscle tissues of T. scripta elegans subjected to 5 or 20 hours of anoxic submergence.
  • Focus on quantifying changes in phosphorylation states of key regulatory and downstream targets of the mTOR pathway.

Main Results:

  • Phosphorylation of multiple mTOR targets was suppressed in skeletal muscle but activated in the liver.
  • Phosphorylated mTOR (mTORSer2448) significantly increased in the liver (approx. 4.5-fold after 20H anoxia) but remained unchanged in skeletal muscle.
  • Upstream and downstream targets of mTOR showed differential regulation between liver and skeletal muscle, with upregulation in the liver.

Conclusions:

  • The mTOR signaling pathway is differentially regulated in the liver and skeletal muscle of T. scripta elegans during anoxia.
  • Enhanced protein synthesis in the liver is indicated, suggesting the production of critical proteins necessary for anoxic survival.
  • These findings highlight tissue-specific adaptations in protein synthesis regulation as a crucial component of anoxia tolerance in this species.