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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells

A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells

Published on: October 16, 2018

CD19 CAR T Cells.

Michel Sadelain¹

¹Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA.

|December 16, 2017

Summary

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) reprogram immune cells to target tumors. Autologous CAR T cells are generated from patient blood and expanded to eliminate cancer cells, offering a therapeutic approach.

Area of Science:

Immunology
Biotechnology
Cancer Therapy

Background:

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are engineered receptors designed to redirect immune cells for therapeutic applications.
CARs possess distinct domains crucial for recognizing antigens, activating T cells, and providing costimulatory signals.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the fundamental structure and function of CARs in immune cell reprogramming.
To outline the process of generating and utilizing autologous CAR T cells for cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

Genetic integration of CAR cDNA into the T cell genome.
Isolation and expansion of autologous T cells from patient peripheral blood.
Administration of engineered CAR T cells to the recipient for tumor elimination.

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Droplet-based Cytotoxicity Assay to Assess Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells at the Single-cell Level

Droplet-based Cytotoxicity Assay to Assess Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells at the Single-cell Level

Published on: March 14, 2025

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Published on: December 17, 2019

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Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells

A Syngeneic Mouse B-Cell Lymphoma Model for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of CD19 CAR T Cells

Published on: October 16, 2018

Droplet-based Cytotoxicity Assay to Assess Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells at the Single-cell Level

Droplet-based Cytotoxicity Assay to Assess Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells at the Single-cell Level

Published on: March 14, 2025

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy

Published on: December 17, 2019

Main Results:

Successful reprogramming of immune cells via CARs.
Generation of functional autologous CAR T cells capable of targeting tumors.
Demonstration of CAR T cell expansion within the recipient for sustained therapeutic effect.

Conclusions:

CAR technology represents a significant advancement in adoptive immunotherapy.
Autologous CAR T cell therapy offers a personalized approach to cancer treatment.
The described "Bench to Bedside" process highlights the clinical translation of CAR T cell therapy.