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Related Concept Videos

Types of Fluids01:27

Types of Fluids

1.0K
Fluids can be classified into Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids based on their response to shear stress. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between shear stress and the shear strain rate, following Newton's law of viscosity. Their viscosity remains constant regardless of the shear rate, making their behavior predictable and easier to analyze. Common examples include water, air, oil, and gasoline.
In contrast, non-Newtonian fluids do not follow Newton's law of viscosity, and...
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Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving01:18

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving

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Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
A velocity gradient forms within the fluid when a Newtonian fluid is placed between two parallel plates, with...
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Characteristics of Fluids01:20

Characteristics of Fluids

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When a force is applied parallel to the top surface of a solid, it resists the applied force due to the internal frictional forces between the layers of the solid known as shearing resistance. However, when the force is removed, the shearing forces restore the original shape of the solid. Other deformation forces also cause temporary changes in shape if the forces are not beyond a threshold magnitude. Solids tend to retain their shape, making the study of their rest and motion easier. Beyond...
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Characteristics of Fluids01:31

Characteristics of Fluids

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Fluids differ from solids primarily in their molecular structure and stress response. Solids have tightly packed molecules with strong intermolecular forces, maintaining their shape and resisting deformation. In contrast, fluids have molecules spaced farther apart with weaker forces, allowing them to flow and deform easily.
Fluids, which include both liquids and gases, are substances that deform continuously under shearing stress. For example, water and oil are liquids with molecules that can...
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Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

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When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
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Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

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The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Studying Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Response of Soft Materials
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Structural predictor for nonlinear sheared dynamics in simple glass-forming liquids.

Trond S Ingebrigtsen1, Hajime Tanaka1

  • 1Department of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan tanaka@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp trond@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|December 17, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Shear thinning in glass-forming liquids is explained by a universal relationship between structural relaxation time and two-body excess entropy. This finding predicts nonequilibrium liquid dynamics from equilibrium properties, clarifying shear thinning mechanisms.

Keywords:
glass transitionshear thinningsheared fluidsslow dynamicsstructural entropy

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Glass-forming liquids exhibit nonlinear behavior under shear, including viscosity power-law decrease with shear rate.
  • Understanding this out-of-equilibrium phenomenon is challenging due to its complex nonlinear dynamics.
  • Previous research has focused on fundamental and applicational aspects of shear thinning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between structural relaxation time and two-body excess entropy in sheared glass-forming liquids.
  • To develop a predictive model for nonequilibrium liquid dynamics based on equilibrium properties.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanism of shear thinning in these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Calculating structural relaxation time and two-body excess entropy along the extensional axis of shear flow.
  • Analyzing a wide range of pair potentials, from repulsive to soft.
  • Comparing the dynamics of nonequilibrium sheared liquids with their equilibrium counterparts.

Main Results:

  • Structural relaxation time, as a function of two-body excess entropy, collapses onto the equilibrium curve.
  • This collapse is observed across various pair potentials.
  • The findings demonstrate a universal scaling behavior in sheared liquids.

Conclusions:

  • Two-body excess entropy provides a powerful method to predict nonequilibrium liquid dynamics from equilibrium data.
  • Sheared dynamics are primarily governed by the liquid's structure, as quantified by two-body excess entropy along the extensional direction.
  • This research offers new insights into the perplexing mechanism of shear thinning.