Function and regulation of IL-1α in inflammatory diseases and cancer

The interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines is currently comprised of 11 members that have pleiotropic functions in inflammation and cancer. IL-1α and IL-1β were the first members of the IL-1 family to be described, and both signal via the same receptor, IL-1R. Over the last decade, much progress has been made in our understanding of biogenesis of IL-1β and its functions in human diseases. Studies from our laboratory and others have highlighted the critical role of nod-like receptors (NLRs) and multi-protein complexes known as inflammasomes in the regulation of IL-1β maturation. Recent studies have increased our appreciation of the role played by IL-1α in inflammatory diseases and cancer. However, the mechanisms that regulate the production of IL-1α and its bioavailability are relatively understudied. In this review, we summarize the distinctive roles played by IL-1α in inflammatory diseases and cancer. We also discuss our current knowledge about the mechanisms that control IL-1α biogenesis and activity, and the major unanswered questions in its biology.