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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

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Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
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Membrane Fluidity01:26

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Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Mechanisms of Membrane Domain Formation00:59

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Different physical properties of lipids and proteins allow them to localize and form distinct islands or domains in the membrane. Some membrane domains are formed due to protein-protein interactions, whereas others are formed due to the presence of specific lipids such as sphingolipids and sterols—for example, large proteins, such as bacteriorhodopsin, aggregate and create distinct domains.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Spontaneous Formation and Rearrangement of Artificial Lipid Nanotube Networks as a Bottom-Up Model for Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Temperature induced lipid membrane restructuring and changes in nanomechanics.

Urvi Bhojoo1, Maohui Chen2, Shan Zou3

  • 1Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Biomembranes
|December 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Milk sphingomyelin

Keywords:
Atomic force microscopyCholesterolForce indentationForce mappingLow temperatureMilk lipidsSphingomyelinSupported lipid bilayers

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Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer
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Area of Science:

  • Lipid bilayer biophysics
  • Membrane nanomechanics
  • Biomaterials science

Background:

  • Milk sphingomyelin (SM) is crucial for milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) structure.
  • Understanding membrane nanomechanical stability is key to MFGM function.
  • Model systems are essential for studying complex biological membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of low temperature on model membranes containing milk sphingomyelin.
  • To analyze morphological and nanomechanical changes in lipid bilayers.
  • To understand low-temperature induced membrane reorganization and stability.

Main Methods:

  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) imaging and force mapping.
  • Utilized a temperature-controlled liquid cell for sub-ambient studies.
  • Investigated model membranes of DOPC, egg-SM/milk-SM, and cholesterol.

Main Results:

  • Sphingomyelin/cholesterol-enriched (Lo) domains showed higher rupture forces than DOPC-enriched (Ld) phases.
  • Ld phase rupture force decreased with temperature, while Lo domains showed increased breakthrough force.
  • Low temperatures induced dynamic changes and defects in lipid bilayers, which healed upon reheating.

Conclusions:

  • Low temperatures induce structural reorganization and alter mechanical stability in lipid bilayers.
  • Milk sphingomyelin-containing membranes exhibit unique responses to temperature changes.
  • Findings provide insights into MFGM properties and low-temperature membrane behavior.