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Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
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Adjunctive perampanel in partial-onset seizures: Asia-Pacific, randomized phase III study.

T Nishida1, S K Lee2, Y Inoue1

  • 1National Epilepsy Center, Shizuoka Institute of Epilepsy and Neurological Disorders, Shizuoka, Japan.

Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
|December 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Perampanel, an AMPA receptor antagonist, effectively reduced partial-onset seizures in Asian-Pacific patients. Doses of 8 and 12 mg per day showed significant seizure control with acceptable safety and tolerability.

Keywords:
antiepileptic drugsepilepsyseizures

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology
  • Epilepsy Research

Background:

  • Refractory partial-onset seizures (POS) pose a significant treatment challenge.
  • Selective, non-competitive α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonists represent a therapeutic target.
  • Perampanel is an investigational AMPA receptor antagonist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of perampanel as adjunctive therapy for refractory POS in the Asia-Pacific region.
  • To determine the dose-response relationship of perampanel in this patient population.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCT01618695) was conducted.
  • Patients aged ≥12 years with refractory POS received placebo or perampanel (4, 8, or 12 mg) once daily for a 19-week double-blind period.
  • The primary efficacy endpoint was the percent change in POS frequency per 28 days.

Main Results:

  • Perampanel demonstrated dose-proportional reductions in seizure frequency: -17.3% (4 mg), -29.0% (8 mg, P=.0003), and -38.0% (12 mg, P<.0001) compared to placebo (-10.8%).
  • The ≥50% responder rate and seizure freedom were also improved with perampanel.
  • Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) included dizziness and irritability, with 6.2% of patients discontinuing due to TEAEs.

Conclusions:

  • Adjunctive perampanel at 8 and 12 mg/day significantly improved seizure control in patients with refractory POS.
  • Perampanel was generally safe and well-tolerated at daily doses of 4-12 mg in this population.