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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Probe-based Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy of the Urinary Tract: The Technique
Published on: January 10, 2013
Local drug delivery in the urinary tract: current challenges and opportunities
Rahul Mittal1, Debbie R Pan1, James M Parrish1
1a Department of Otolaryngology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL , USA.
Abstract:
Drug delivery is an important consideration in disease treatment. There are many opportunities for novel methods and technologies to hold promising roles in overcoming traditional obstacles. Delivery systems functionalised to boast synergistic antimicrobial effects, specific targeting, and enhanced bioavailability allow for improved therapeutic potential and better patient outcomes. Many of these delivery modalities find clinical practicality in the field of urology, specifically in the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and offer advantages over conventional methods. The aim of this review article is to discuss the current modalities of treatment for UTIs and the recent technological advancements for optimising drug delivery. We focus on challenges that persist in drug delivery during UTIs including barriers to antimicrobial penetration, drug resistance, biofilm formation and specific targeting limitations. With a discussion on how emerging methods combat these concerns, we present an overview of potential therapies with special emphasis on nanoparticle-based applications.
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