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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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Introduction
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.  
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Preparation and Characterization of C60/Graphene Hybrid Nanostructures
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Exciting H2 Molecules for Graphene Functionalization.

Line Kyhl1, Régis Bisson2, Richard Balog3

  • 1iNANO, Aarhus University , DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.

ACS Nano
|December 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen molecules with vibrational energy can functionalize graphene on an iridium surface. This process creates nanopatterned structures and shows an avalanche effect for efficient hydrogenation.

Keywords:
band gap engineeringcatalysisgraphenemolecular hydrogennanostructured functionalizationvibrational excitation

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Materials Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphene is a promising material for various applications.
  • Hydrogen functionalization is key to modifying graphene's properties.
  • Understanding adsorption mechanisms is crucial for controlled functionalization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate hydrogen functionalization of graphene on Ir(111) using vibrationally excited H2 molecules.
  • To elucidate the role of the underlying Ir surface in the adsorption process.
  • To explore the mechanism and kinetics of hydrogen adsorption on graphene.

Main Methods:

  • Combined experimental techniques: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).
  • Theoretical calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT).

Main Results:

  • Vibrationally excited H2 molecules dissociatively adsorb on graphene/Ir(111), forming nanopatterned hydrogen functionalization.
  • The Ir surface significantly lowers the H2 dissociative adsorption barrier.
  • An 'avalanche effect' is observed, where initial adsorption facilitates subsequent reactions with lower energy H2 molecules.

Conclusions:

  • Graphene on Ir(111) acts as a catalytically active surface for hydrogen functionalization.
  • Vibrational excitation of H2 is crucial for initiating the adsorption process.
  • The findings provide insights into surface reactions and may re-interpret previous experimental observations.