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Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Activation01:16

Sympathetic Activation

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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

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The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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The Sympathetic Nervous System01:25

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Overview
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Sympathetic Pathways: Collateral Ganglia and Adrenal Medulla01:27

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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic preganglionic axons reach the collateral ganglia along the route of splanchnic nerves. These nerves bypass the sympathetic trunk and communicate with sympathetic postganglionic neurons housed in the prevertebral ganglia. These ganglia supply the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity.
The greater splanchnic nerve, formed by the...
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Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

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Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
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Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: An entity to keep in mind.

D A Godoy1, P Panhke2, P D Guerrero Suarez3

  • 1Unidad de Cuidados Neurointensivos, Sanatorio Pasteur, Catamarca, Argentina; Unidad de Terapia Intensiva, Hospital San Juan Bautista, Catamarca, Argentina.

Medicina Intensiva
|December 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a serious neurological condition after brain injury. Early recognition and treatment are crucial for better patient outcomes in managing this sympathetic nervous system disorder.

Keywords:
Acute brain injuryCatecholaminesCatecolaminasHiperactividad simpática paroxísticaLesión cerebral agudaParoxysmal sympathetic hyperactivitySevere traumatic brain injurySympathetic stormTormenta simpáticaTraumatismo craneoencefálico grave

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurocritical Care

Background:

  • Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a critical neurological condition.
  • It arises secondary to acute acquired brain injuries.
  • PSH presents with cyclic exacerbations of sympathetic discharge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the characteristics of PSH.
  • To discuss diagnostic challenges and current understanding of PSH.
  • To highlight the importance of timely management.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical observation and case reviews.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and physiopathological models.
  • Review of therapeutic strategies for PSH.

Main Results:

  • PSH diagnosis relies on clinical findings; validated criteria are lacking.
  • The excitation-inhibition model best explains PSH.
  • Early recognition and intervention are vital.

Conclusions:

  • PSH is a life-threatening neurological emergency requiring prompt management.
  • Effective treatment involves preventing and aborting sympathetic crises.
  • Delayed diagnosis correlates with poorer patient outcomes.