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Related Concept Videos

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias01:30

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...
386
Dysrhythmias VII: Nursing Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

Dysrhythmias VII: Nursing Management of Dysrhythmias

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Nursing management of dysrhythmias involves the following:AssessmentSubjective Assessment:The initial step involves gathering patient-reported symptoms such as dizziness, palpitations, and chest discomfort. It is crucial to collect a detailed history, including previous heart conditions, current medication use, and lifestyle factors like caffeine and alcohol consumption.Objective Assessment:This involves observing clinical signs such as jugular venous distention, cool and pale skin, and...
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Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...
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Reflex Activity01:08

Reflex Activity

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A reflex activity is an automatic, involuntary response to specific stimuli. It is a part of our survival mechanism, designed to protect us from potential harm. For example, when a bright light suddenly shines into our eyes, we instinctively close them or look away. This is a simple reflex activity orchestrated by the nervous system without conscious thought or effort.
A reflex exam is a diagnostic procedure performed by a healthcare professional to evaluate the functionality of a patient's...
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Decreased pulse rate01:14

Decreased pulse rate

938
Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
There are specific risk factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing bradycardia. Advanced age is a significant factor, with...
938
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

625
Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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The pathways for preferential conduction across the atrial walls.

Heart rhythm·2026
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Atrial resynchronization: an overlooked concept in heart failure and conduction system pacing: review of selected literature with emphasis on atrial anatomy.

Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology·2026
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What are we treating? The need for broader provider understanding of POTS, its nature, and care.

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Indications, contraindications, and step-by-step methodology for performing carotid sinus massage in patients presenting with syncope : A scientific statement of an Ad Hoc Syncope Consortium endorsed by: the European Autonomic Society (EFAS), Gruppo Italiano Multidisciplinare Syncope (GIMSI) and European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS).

Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society·2026
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Sensor detection and pacing for impending reflex syncope.

Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology·2026
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Anatomic localization of trigger sites initiating stretch-induced hypotension in humans.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance
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Reflex syncope: Diagnosis and treatment.

Richard Sutton1

  • 1National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.

Journal of Arrhythmia
|December 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing reflex syncope requires thorough patient history and witness accounts. Management strategies focus on lifestyle changes and physical maneuvers, with limited success from drug therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Syncope diagnosis presents challenges in the Emergency Department (ED).
  • Effective risk stratification for syncope remains an ongoing issue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline diagnostic and management strategies for reflex syncope.
  • To discuss the role of specialized units and investigations in syncope assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Diligent history taking from patients and witnesses.
  • Utilizing Emergency Department Observation Units or Syncope Units.
  • Employing carotid sinus massage, tilt testing, and ECG loop recorders for investigation.

Main Results:

  • Hospital admission is reserved for patients with life-threatening cardiac conditions.
Keywords:
Cardiac pacingCatheter ablationDiagnosisDrugsManagementReflex syncope

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  • Investigations like tilt testing can identify the cause of syncope.
  • Patient education, fluid/salt intake, and counter-pressure maneuvers are key management components.

    • Conclusions:

    • Cardiac pacing benefits are defined for specific older patients.
    • Drug therapy for syncope often yields disappointing results.
    • Catheter ablation may offer a future treatment for highly symptomatic reflex syncope.