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Related Concept Videos

Distribution of Molecular Speeds01:27

Distribution of Molecular Speeds

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The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...
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Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution: Problem Solving01:20

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Individual molecules in a gas move in random directions, but a gas containing numerous molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds, which is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, f(v).
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Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
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Van der Waals Interactions01:24

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Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Taking Advantage of Reduced Droplet-surface Interaction to Optimize Transport of Bioanalytes in Digital Microfluidics
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Lattice Boltzmann study of chemically-driven self-propelled droplets.

F Fadda1, G Gonnella1, A Lamura2

  • 1Dipartimento di Fisica and Sezione INFN Bari, Via Amendola 173, 70126, Bari, Italy.

The European Physical Journal. E, Soft Matter
|December 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Self-propelled liquid droplets move due to Marangoni-like flow from surfactant concentration changes. Their interactions, influenced by distance, lead to attraction, steady states, or scattering, with passive droplets being advected.

Keywords:
Topical issue: Fluids and Structures: Multi-scale coupling and modeling

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Soft Matter Physics
  • Computational Physics

Background:

  • Self-propelled liquid droplets exhibit complex behaviors driven by surface tension gradients.
  • Marangoni-like flow, induced by surfactant concentration variations, is a key mechanism for droplet motion.
  • Understanding droplet interactions is crucial for applications in microfluidics and materials science.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To numerically investigate the self-propulsion of isolated and interacting liquid droplets.
  • To analyze the role of surfactant concentration and distribution on droplet dynamics.
  • To explore the hydrodynamic interactions between two self-propelled droplets at varying distances.

Main Methods:

  • A numerical model incorporating Navier-Stokes and convection-diffusion equations was employed.
  • The lattice Boltzmann method was coupled with finite-difference schemes for simulations.
  • Both isolated droplet motion and pairwise interactions were simulated.

Main Results:

  • Surfactant migration to the interface generated a quadrupolar vortex, driving droplet motion.
  • Dilute bulk surfactants resulted in a weaker dipolar flow field.
  • Droplet interactions showed distance-dependent behaviors: attraction, steady states, scattering, and passive droplet advection.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the mechanisms of self-propulsion and interaction in liquid droplets.
  • Hydrodynamic interactions significantly influence droplet dynamics, especially at close proximity.
  • The findings provide insights into the control and prediction of active droplet systems.