Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

17.1K
The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
17.1K
The Anatomy of Chloroplasts01:08

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

8.4K
Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They coordinate both stages of photosynthesis — the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to release oxygen and produce chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions capture CO2 and use ATP and NADPH to produce sugar.
Structure of...
8.4K
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

4.2K
A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
4.2K
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

7.1K
Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
7.1K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

8.2K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
8.2K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

3.7K
3.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

<i>CHLORELLA</i> should not be a long noncoding RNA: it's already an alga!

ISME communications·2026
Same author

Addendum: Detection of colinear blocks and synteny and evolutionary analyses based on utilization of MCScanX.

Nature protocols·2026
Same author

Protocol for extracting intergenic regions from annotated genomes using TIGRE.

STAR protocols·2025
Same author

Refining the Vertebrate Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Secondary Structure by Comparative Analysis.

Integrative zoology·2025
Same author

Protocol for creating a gene dictionary for organelle genomes using the Gene Dictionary Tool.

STAR protocols·2025
Same author

HSDSnake: a user-friendly SnakeMake pipeline for analysis of duplicate genes in eukaryotic genomes.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
12:33

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

13.5K

Evolution: In Chloroplast Genomes, Anything Goes.

David Roy Smith1

  • 1Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.

Current Biology : CB
|December 20, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Green algae in the order Cladophorales possess highly unusual chloroplast DNA structures. Genes are found on small, linear, single-stranded palindromic elements, unlike any previously seen.

More Related Videos

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens
13:03

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

Published on: March 8, 2018

11.1K
Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics
09:40

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Published on: January 25, 2019

9.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing
12:33

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

Published on: July 28, 2017

13.5K
Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens
13:03

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

Published on: March 8, 2018

11.1K
Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics
09:40

Novel Sequence Discovery by Subtractive Genomics

Published on: January 25, 2019

9.2K

Area of Science:

  • * Molecular Biology
  • * Phycology (Study of Algae)
  • * Genomics

Background:

  • * Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) typically exists as large, circular molecules in most plants and algae.
  • * Unconventional genome structures are known in some protists, like dinoflagellates, but remain poorly understood.
  • * The genetic makeup of green algae, particularly their chloroplasts, is diverse and still under active investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the unique structural organization of chloroplast DNA in Cladophorales green algae.
  • * To characterize the nature of the genetic elements within their chloroplasts.
  • * To explore the evolutionary implications of this unconventional genome architecture.

Main Methods:

  • * Advanced DNA sequencing techniques were employed to analyze the chloroplast genomes.
  • * Bioinformatic analyses were used to identify gene locations and structural features.
  • * Comparative genomics approaches were utilized to compare with other algal groups.

Main Results:

  • * Cladophorales green algae exhibit highly unconventional chloroplast DNAs.
  • * Genes are located on small, linear, single-stranded palindromic DNA elements.
  • * This structure is unprecedented among known chloroplast genomes.

Conclusions:

  • * The discovery reveals a novel form of chloroplast genome organization in eukaryotes.
  • * The findings suggest unique evolutionary pathways for chloroplast DNA maintenance and gene expression.
  • * Further research is needed to understand the origin and functional mechanisms of these unusual elements.