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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Spermatogenesis is a complex process that involves the development of sperm cells from undifferentiated stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. The process is essential for the production of mature and functional sperm cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg.
The process of spermatogenesis can be divided into mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis. During mitosis, the spermatogonia or stem cells divide to produce two identical daughter cells, type A and B spermatogonia. Type-A...
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Sperm Structure and Semen Composition01:22

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During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...
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Sperm Transport01:15

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The journey of sperm from its origin to the point of ejaculation begins within the seminiferous tubules of the testis. Here, Sertoli cells produce fluid that propels non-motile sperm through a series of conduits, starting with the straight tubules leading to the rete testis. This interconnected network of tubules acts as the initial pathway for sperm, guiding them into the efferent ductules and then into the epididymis for maturation.
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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Medium-throughput Screening Assays for Assessment of Effects on Ca2+-Signaling and Acrosome Reaction in Human Sperm
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Sperm dysfunction and ciliopathy.

Kazuo Inaba1, Katsutoshi Mizuno1,2

  • 1Shimoda Marine Research Center University of Tsukuba 5-10-1 Shimoda 415-0025 Shizuoka Japan.

Reproductive Medicine and Biology
|December 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sperm motility relies on axonemes, essential structures also found in cilia. Defects in these structures cause male infertility and are linked to ciliopathies, impacting various bodily functions.

Keywords:
CiliaCiliopathyDyneinFlagellaInfertilitySperm

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sperm motility is crucial for fertilization and is powered by axonemes, conserved structures in cilia and flagella.
  • Defects in axonemal structure lead to impaired sperm motility and male infertility.
  • Male infertility is often associated with conditions like Kartagener syndrome, now understood as part of a broader group of diseases called ciliopathies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structural components of the sperm flagellum and human epithelial cilia.
  • To discuss the link between male infertility and ciliopathy.
  • To provide an overview of the conserved nature of axonemal structures in eukaryotic evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific articles on sperm flagellum and cilia structure.
  • Analysis of the relationship between axonemal defects and male infertility.
  • Exploration of the concept of ciliopathy and its implications.

Main Results:

  • Axonemes, composed of 9+2 microtubules and dynein motors, are fundamental to cilia and flagella function.
  • Disruptions in axonemal structure result in defective sperm motility and are a significant cause of male infertility.
  • Ciliopathies encompass a spectrum of disorders arising from defects in cilia, affecting multiple organs and systems.

Conclusions:

  • The structure of the sperm flagellum and cilia is highly conserved, highlighting their fundamental biological importance.
  • Male infertility can be a manifestation of ciliopathy, underscoring the systemic impact of ciliary dysfunction.
  • Understanding the link between axonemal structure and ciliopathy is vital for diagnosing and potentially treating male infertility and related disorders.