Dysfunctional immunoproteasomes in autoinflammatory diseases

Recent progress in DNA sequencing technology has made it possible to identify specific genetic mutations in familial disorders. For example, autoinflammatory syndromes are caused by mutations in gene coding for immunoproteasomes. These diseases include Japanese autoinflammatory syndrome with lipodystrophy, Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome, joint contractures, muscular atrophy, microcytic anemia, panniculitis-associated lipodystrophy syndrome, and chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature syndrome. Causal mutations of these syndromes are present in gene coding for subunits of the immunoproteasome. Importantly, a genetically modified mouse that lacks the catalytic subunit of immunoproteasomes does not always develop an autoinflammatory syndrome. Analysis of causal gene mutations, assessment of patients' phenotypic changes, and appropriate animal models will be indispensable for clarifying the underlying mechanisms responsible for the development of autoinflammatory syndromes and establishing curative approaches.