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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

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The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Spongy Bone01:09

Spongy Bone

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All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...
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The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

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The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
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Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

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As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

C-arm-Free Simultaneous OLIF51 and Percutaneous Pedicle Screw Fixation in a Single Lateral Position
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Spondylolysis in Athletes.

Hitoshi Hoshina

    The Physician and Sportsmedicine
    |December 21, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Athletes in certain sports experience high rates of spondylolysis, a type of stress fracture. These specific athletic movements appear to increase the risk of lumbar vertebrae neural arch fractures.

    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Sports Medicine
    • Biomechanics

    Background:

    • Spondylolysis, a fracture of the neural arch of the lumbar vertebrae, is prevalent in athletic populations.
    • Repetitive stress and specific biomechanical forces are implicated in its development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the association between specific sports actions and the high incidence of spondylolysis in athletes.
    • To identify risk factors contributing to lumbar vertebral fractures in sports.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on spondylolysis in athletes.
    • Analysis of biomechanical demands of sports associated with high spondylolysis rates.
    • Correlation of specific athletic movements with lumbar vertebrae stress fractures.

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    Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

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    Main Results:

    • A high occurrence of spondylolysis was observed in athletes participating in certain sports.
    • Evidence suggests that specific sport-related actions predispose athletes to these lumbar vertebral fractures.

    Conclusions:

    • Certain athletic activities significantly increase the risk of spondylolysis.
    • Understanding these sport-specific actions is crucial for injury prevention strategies in athletes.