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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

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Overview
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Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
7.8K
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice
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Nonimmediate allergic reactions induced by Mesna.

Kei Shimogori1, Makoto Araki1, Shunichi Shibazaki1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine Suwa Central Hospital Chino Nagano Japan.

Journal of General and Family Medicine
|December 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Mesna (2-mercaptoethane sulfonate Na) can cause rare allergic reactions, often misdiagnosed as disease flares or infections. Accurate diagnosis of mesna hypersensitivity is crucial for continuing cyclophosphamide therapy.

Keywords:
cyclophosphamidedrug hypersensitivitylupus erythematosusmesnasystemic

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Mesna (2-mercaptoethane sulfonate Na) is a uroprotective agent used with cyclophosphamide (CYC) to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis.
  • CYC is a cornerstone in treating various cancers and autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Observation:

  • A 33-year-old woman developed a high fever during CYC-based induction therapy for SLE.
  • The patient's symptoms were ultimately diagnosed as mesna-induced drug hypersensitivity.

Findings:

  • Allergic reactions to mesna are uncommon but can occur.
  • Mesna hypersensitivity may be misdiagnosed as disease exacerbation, infection, or CYC-induced reactions.

Implications:

  • Accurate diagnosis of mesna hypersensitivity is vital for appropriate patient management.
  • Timely identification ensures uninterrupted continuation of essential CYC-based treatment regimens.
  • Recognizing rare drug reactions improves patient safety and treatment adherence.