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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

A Two-Step Method for Percutaneous Transhepatic Choledochoscopic Lithotomy
Published on: September 13, 2022
Advances in percutaneous stone surgery
Christopher Hartman1, Nikhil Gupta1, David Leavitt1
1Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, The Arthur Smith Institute for Urology, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.
Abstract:
Treatment of large renal stones has changed considerably in recent years. The increasing prevalence of nephrolithiasis has mandated that urologists perform more surgeries for large renal calculi than before, and this has been met with improvements in percutaneous stone surgery. In this review paper, we examine recent developments in percutaneous stone surgery, including advances in diagnosis and preoperative planning, renal access, patient position, tract dilation, nephroscopes, lithotripsy, exit strategies, and post-operative antibiotic prophylaxis.
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