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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus and bone.

J Compston1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.

Journal of Internal Medicine
|December 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Type 2 diabetes increases fracture risk, especially hip fractures, despite normal bone density. Management requires fall prevention, good glycemic control, and targeted bone protection for high-risk patients.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Orthopedics
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a growing public health concern.
  • T2DM is linked to increased fracture risk, particularly hip fractures, even with normal or high bone mineral density.
  • Factors like disease duration, poor glycemic control, falls, obesity, and sarcopenia contribute to this elevated risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of increased fracture risk in T2DM.
  • To evaluate the impact of T2DM on bone strength and structure.
  • To assess the efficacy of current risk assessment tools like FRAX in T2DM patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies examining bone mineral density, bone turnover, and bone structure in T2DM patients.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to falls and reduced bone strength.
Keywords:
bone densityfractureglucocorticoidstype 2 diabetes

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  • Evaluation of the performance of FRAX in predicting fractures in T2DM.

    • Main Results:

    • Reduced bone turnover and impaired bone formation are observed in T2DM.
    • While trabecular bone structure is often normal, reduced lumbar spine bone microarchitecture (TBS) and cortical deficits are reported.
    • A consistent finding is the reduced bone material strength index (BMSi) and potential contribution of advanced glycation end products to bone fragility.

    Conclusions:

    • T2DM significantly increases fracture risk through complex mechanisms affecting bone quality.
    • Current fracture risk assessment tools may underestimate risk in T2DM.
    • Clinical management should prioritize falls prevention, glycemic control, and bone-protective interventions for high-risk individuals.