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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Author Spotlight: Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
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Overuse Injuries of the Elbow.

Gregory M Fox, Peter J L Jebson, John F Orwin

    The Physician and Sportsmedicine
    |December 22, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Sports-related elbow overuse injuries are common in throwing and racket athletes. Diagnosis involves understanding anatomy and physical exams, with most cases treated non-surgically through rest, medication, and physical therapy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Sports Medicine
    • Sports Injury

    Background:

    • Overuse injuries of the elbow are prevalent in athletes participating in throwing and racket sports.
    • Common conditions include epicondylitis, nerve entrapments, tendinitis, and valgus extension overload syndromes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a concise overview of common sports-related elbow overuse injuries.
    • To highlight diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for these conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of common elbow overuse injuries in athletes.
    • Discussion of diagnostic methods, including anatomical knowledge and physical examination.
    • Outline of conservative and surgical treatment options.

    Main Results:

    • Medial and lateral epicondylitis, radial tunnel syndrome, ulnar nerve entrapment, and tendinitis are frequent injuries.
    • Valgus extension overload can lead to ulnar collateral ligament tears, osteochondral injuries, and posterior impingement.
    • Most injuries are effectively managed with activity modification, NSAIDs, and rehabilitation.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate diagnosis of sports-related elbow injuries relies on a thorough understanding of elbow anatomy and a comprehensive physical examination.
    • Conservative management, including activity modification, anti-inflammatory drugs, and targeted physical therapy, is the mainstay of treatment.
    • Surgical intervention remains an option for refractory cases.