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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
Published on: February 9, 2021
Metabolic investigation in patients with nephrolithiasis
Francilayne Moretto Dos Santos1, Aline Krampe Peres1, Michel Roberto Mandotti1
1Centro Universitário Faculdade Assis Gurgacz, Cascavel, PR, Brazil.
Objective:
To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic disorders associated with nephrolithiasis in a female population.
Methods:
A retrospective study on 1,737 patients with evidence of recent formation of renal stones, being 54% females. The laboratory investigation consisted of at least two samples of blood and 24-hour urine to assess calcium, uric acid, citrate and creatinine levels, qualitative cystinuria, urinary pH following fasting and 12-hour water restriction, urine culture, serum creatinine and parathyroid hormone.
Results:
The most frequent alterations were hypercalciuria (40.9%), urinary tract infection (23.2%), hypocitraturia (22.4%), low urinary volume (20.5%) and hyperuricosuria (16%).
Conclusion:
The most frequent metabolic alterations in females were hypocitraturia, urinary tract infection, low urinary volume and hyperuricosuria.
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