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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles01:16

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Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Epistasis

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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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Flat Mount Imaging of Mouse Skin and Its Application to the Analysis of Hair Follicle Patterning and Sensory Axon Morphology
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Wooly hair nevus.

Karen de Almeida Pinto Fernandes1, Karina de Almeida Pinto Fernandes2, Thiago Jeunon de Sousa Vargas3

  • 1Department of Dermatology at Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle of the Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (HUGG-UNIRIO) - Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brazil.

Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia
|December 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Woolly hair nevus is a rare scalp condition causing coiled, hypopigmented hair. This case highlights its association with dental diastema and verrucous epidermal nevus in a young child.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Woolly hair nevus is a rare structural hair anomaly affecting localized scalp areas.
  • It presents as coiled, hypopigmented hair, distinct from hereditary woolly hair syndrome.

Observation:

  • A case of woolly hair nevus is presented in a 2-year-old child.
  • The condition was associated with dental diastema and verrucous epidermal nevus.

Findings:

  • The patient exhibited localized hair abnormalities consistent with woolly hair nevus.
  • Co-occurrence of dental diastema and verrucous epidermal nevus was noted.

Implications:

  • This case expands the understanding of woolly hair nevus presentations.
  • It suggests potential syndromic associations requiring further investigation in pediatric dermatology.