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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles01:21

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The Role of Accessory Muscles in the Respiratory System
The respiratory system is a complex network that relies on primary respiratory muscles like the diaphragm, but also involves accessory muscles to enhance lung expansion and airflow during both inhalation and exhalation.
Enhancing Inhalation with Accessory Muscles:
Accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, intercostal, and abdominal muscles are crucial when additional respiratory effort is required, such as during deep...
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

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A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
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Respiratory capacities are crucial indicators of lung function, representing the maximum amount of air an individual's respiratory system can handle during various breathing phases.
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Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Respiratory muscle training for multiple sclerosis.

Marc B Rietberg1, Janne M Veerbeek, Rik Gosselink

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdan Movement Sciences, MS Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1118, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 1007 MB.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|December 22, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Respiratory muscle training may improve predicted maximal inspiratory pressure in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. However, expiratory muscle training showed no significant effects, and long-term benefits on quality of life remain unclear.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects millions globally, causing neuromuscular weakness, including respiratory muscles.
  • Respiratory muscle weakness in MS can impair functional performance, exercise capacity, and increase risks of pneumonia and ventilatory failure.
  • Respiratory muscle training is proposed as a method to enhance respiratory function and cough efficacy in MS patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of respiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle function, pulmonary function, and clinical outcomes in individuals with MS.
  • To compare the effects of respiratory muscle training against other training methods or no training.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified through comprehensive database searches.
  • Included RCTs investigated respiratory muscle training versus any control group in people with MS.
  • Data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and meta-analyses were performed following Cochrane guidelines; GRADE approach was used for evidence certainty.

Main Results:

  • Six RCTs with 195 participants were included, focusing on inspiratory muscle training (IMT) and expiratory muscle training (EMT).
  • IMT showed a significant benefit in predicted maximal inspiratory pressure (MD 20.92 cmH2O), but not in maximal inspiratory or expiratory pressures compared to controls.
  • EMT did not demonstrate significant improvements in maximal expiratory or inspiratory pressures. No significant differences in fatigue or quality of life were observed.
  • Low-quality evidence was noted for all outcomes due to study design limitations and imprecision.

Conclusions:

  • Resistive inspiratory muscle training demonstrates moderate effectiveness in improving predicted maximal inspiratory pressure in mild to moderate MS.
  • Expiratory muscle training yielded no significant benefits for respiratory pressures in MS patients.
  • The long-term sustainability of IMT benefits and its impact on quality of life require further investigation.