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Related Experiment Video

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Risk Factors for Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts.

Davide Cucchi1,2, Antongiulio Marmotti3, Silvana De Giorgi4

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.

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Summary

Shoulder stiffness involves painful loss of motion. This review covers molecular, genetic, hormonal, and surgical factors contributing to primary and postoperative shoulder stiffness risk.

Keywords:
adhesive capsulitisfrozen shoulderinflammationshoulder arthroscopyshoulder stiffness

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Shoulder stiffness is characterized by painful restriction of glenohumeral range of motion.
  • Multiple risk factors for both primary and postoperative shoulder stiffness are documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the pathophysiology of shoulder stiffness.
  • To review molecular, genetic, hormonal, metabolic, and drug-related risk factors.
  • To discuss surgical and rehabilitation factors influencing postoperative stiffness.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Focus on molecular biology and genetic influences.
  • Analysis of hormonal, metabolic, medical, and drug-related factors.
  • Examination of surgical and rehabilitation protocols.

Main Results:

  • Identified key molecular and genetic elements influencing stiffness development.
  • Reviewed various systemic (hormonal, metabolic, medical) and external (drug) risk factors.
  • Highlighted surgical techniques and rehabilitation strategies impacting postoperative outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding diverse risk factors is crucial for managing shoulder stiffness.
  • Molecular and genetic predispositions play a significant role.
  • Optimizing surgical and rehabilitation protocols can mitigate postoperative stiffness.