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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Elbow Dislocations.

Douglas F Hoffman, Robert J Johnson

    The Physician and Sportsmedicine
    |December 23, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Diagnosing elbow dislocations is generally straightforward, but fractures can complicate the picture. Prompt neurovascular assessment and early rehabilitation are crucial for successful nonoperative treatment of elbow dislocations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedic Surgery
    • Traumatology

    Background:

    • Elbow dislocations are common injuries.
    • Diagnosis can be complicated by concurrent fractures, such as supracondylar humerus fractures in pediatric patients.
    • Neurovascular compromise is a rare but serious complication.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight key diagnostic considerations for elbow dislocations.
    • To emphasize the importance of neurovascular assessment.
    • To outline the nonoperative management principles for elbow dislocations.

    Main Methods:

    • Clinical diagnosis of elbow dislocations.
    • Pre- and post-reduction neurovascular examination.
    • Nonoperative management strategies.

    Main Results:

    • Elbow dislocations are typically diagnosed clinically.
    • Supracondylar humerus fractures may mimic elbow dislocations in young patients.
    • Neurovascular injury, though uncommon, requires vigilant monitoring.

    Conclusions:

    • Elbow dislocations are generally diagnosed with ease, but associated fractures necessitate careful evaluation.
    • Thorough pre- and post-reduction neurovascular assessment is imperative.
    • Nonoperative treatment with early motion is the mainstay for most elbow dislocations.