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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels

Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels

Published on: December 13, 2016

PENALTY RATES.

Andrew McCarthy

Australian Nursing & Midwifery Journal

|December 24, 2017

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The Fair Work Commission reduced Sunday and public holiday penalty rates for retail, hospitality, and fast food workers by 25% to 50% in February 2017. This decision impacts employee wages in these key service industries.

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Area of Science:

Industrial Relations
Labor Economics
Socioeconomic Policy

Background:

The Fair Work Commission (FWC) is Australia's national workplace relations tribunal.
Penalty rates are additional payments to employees for working outside of standard hours, such as on weekends or public holidays.
Significant debate surrounds the economic and social impact of penalty rate reductions on employees and businesses.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the Fair Work Commission's February 2017 decision regarding penalty rates.
To detail the specific reductions in penalty rates for Sunday and public holiday work.
To identify the affected industries: retail, hospitality, and fast food.

Main Methods:

Review of the Fair Work Commission's official ruling and documentation.
Analysis of the percentage reductions applied to penalty rates.
Identification of the specific employee categories and industries impacted by the decision.

Main Results:

The Fair Work Commission mandated a reduction in penalty rates for Sunday and public holiday work.
The cuts ranged from 25% to 50% for affected employees.
Employees in the retail, hospitality, and fast food sectors were directly impacted.

Conclusions:

The FWC's decision represents a significant shift in wage policy for specific service industries.
The ruling has potential implications for employee income and consumer spending.
Further research is needed to assess the long-term economic and social consequences of these penalty rate changes.