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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced extracellular polysaccharide matrix attached to surfaces. These microbial consortia can include single or multiple species, providing enhanced survival benefits by forming organized, multilayered structures.The formation of biofilms occurs through four key stages: attachment, colonization, development, and dispersal.During attachment, free-swimming planktonic cells adhere to a surface, often facilitated by...
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Density is an important characteristic of substances, crucial in determining whether an object sinks or floats in a fluid. Its SI unit is kg/m3, and its cgs unit is g/cm3. The density of an object helps in identifying its composition, and also reveals information about the phase of the matter and its substructure. The densities of liquids and solids are roughly comparable, consistent with the fact that their atoms are in close contact. However, gases have much lower densities than liquids and...
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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Buffer Effectiveness

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Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model
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Biofilm Surface Density Determines Biocide Effectiveness.

Sara Bas1, Mateja Kramer2, David Stopar1

  • 1Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Frontiers in Microbiology
|December 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biofilm resistance to chemical treatments increases with surface coverage. Higher biofilm density reduces biocide effectiveness, while combining oxidants with surfactants improves efficacy.

Keywords:
E. coliantimicrobialbiocidebiofilmssurface coverageviscoelasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Material Science

Background:

  • Biofilm resistance to chemical agents poses significant industrial and medical challenges.
  • Understanding factors influencing biofilm biocide efficacy is crucial for developing effective control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between surface coverage of bacterial biofilms and the effectiveness of commercially available biocides.
  • To evaluate the impact of biofilm maturation and physical properties on biocide performance.

Main Methods:

  • A surface gradient of *Escherichia coli* biofilms was created on glass and poly methyl methacrylate surfaces.
  • The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, and quaternary ammonium compounds was assessed against biofilms with varying surface coverage.
  • The influence of biofilm viscoelasticity and the combined effect of oxidants and surfactants were examined.

Main Results:

  • Biocide effectiveness was inversely proportional to the fraction of surface covered by biofilm; treatment was inefficient on surfaces >90% covered.
  • Increased biofilm viscoelasticity reduced biocide effectiveness, while combined oxidant-surfactant treatments enhanced efficacy.
  • Biofilm maturation was associated with increased resistance, with denser structures showing lower log reductions.

Conclusions:

  • Biofilm biocide resistance is an acquired property that increases with biofilm maturation and density.
  • Surface coverage fraction is a critical determinant of biocide effectiveness.
  • Targeted application strategies considering biofilm coverage and maturation are necessary for effective control.