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Related Concept Videos

Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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Electrodes: Overview01:17

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 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

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Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Fabrication of Thin Film Silver/Silver Chloride Electrodes with Finely Controlled Single Layer Silver Chloride
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On-Chip Stochastic Detection of Silver Nanoparticles without a Reference Electrode.

Pedro G Figueiredo1, Leroy Grob1, Philipp Rinklin1

  • 1Neuroelectronics - Munich School of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich , Boltzmannstraße 11, D-85749, Garching, Germany.

ACS Sensors
|December 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel electrochemical method for detecting silver nanoparticles using a chip-based microelectrode array. This reference-free system enables accurate, in situ quantification of nanoparticles, ideal for lab-on-a-chip applications.

Keywords:
impact electrochemistrymicroelectrode arraynanoparticle detectionopen-circuit potentialreference-free

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Nanotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Conventional electrochemical detection often requires a reference electrode, adding complexity and cost.
  • Nanoparticle detection is crucial for various fields, including environmental monitoring and diagnostics.
  • Developing simplified, cost-effective detection methods is a key challenge in nanotechnology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a reference-free electrochemical detection method for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).
  • To establish a chip-based microelectrode array (MEA) system for in situ nanoparticle quantification.
  • To validate the feasibility of this method for developing point-of-use diagnostic tools.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a chip-based microelectrode array (MEA) for electrochemical detection.
  • Leveraged the open-circuit potential for silver nanoparticle oxidation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS).
  • Modulated open-circuit potential using ascorbic acid to confirm detection inhibition.

Main Results:

  • Successfully detected 20 nm silver nanoparticles without a reference electrode.
  • Demonstrated a linear correlation between nanoparticle impact frequency and concentration.
  • Confirmed inhibition of detection by modulating open-circuit potential.

Conclusions:

  • The developed reference-free electrochemical detection is a viable method for quantifying silver nanoparticles.
  • This approach simplifies electrochemical sensing, making it suitable for lab-on-a-chip and point-of-use systems.
  • The method offers fast, low-cost screening of nanoparticles in situ.