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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

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Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through...
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
802
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

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5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
715
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

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Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
932
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

652
Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates...
652

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Author Spotlight: Alleviating Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy with Safe and Effective Auricular Acupuncture
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Author Spotlight: Alleviating Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy with Safe and Effective Auricular Acupuncture

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[Vomiting].

Ga Hee Kim1, Kee Wook Jung1

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology = Taehan Sohwagi Hakhoe Chi
|December 26, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Vomiting, whether acute or chronic, often resolves on its own. Diagnosis relies on history and physical exams, with further tests for severe cases, guiding treatment for underlying causes and symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Vomiting is a common symptom with diverse etiologies, ranging from self-limiting conditions to serious underlying disorders.
  • Effective management requires differentiating between acute and chronic vomiting and identifying potential causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline diagnostic approaches for vomiting, emphasizing clinical evaluation and further investigations when necessary.
  • To detail therapeutic strategies for managing the consequences of vomiting and treating the primary causative conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical guidelines and literature on the diagnosis and management of vomiting.
  • Emphasis on detailed patient history and physical examination as primary diagnostic tools.
Keywords:
GastroparesisVomiting

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  • Consideration of laboratory studies, imaging, endoscopy, and motility tests for complex cases.

    • Main Results:

    • Vomiting is frequently self-limited, but persistent or severe cases necessitate a systematic diagnostic workup.
    • Management involves addressing immediate clinical consequences like dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
    • Treatment focuses on symptomatic relief with antiemetics and targeted interventions for the underlying disorder.

    Conclusions:

    • Accurate diagnosis of vomiting relies on thorough clinical assessment, supplemented by investigations when indicated.
    • Comprehensive management includes correcting physiological disturbances and addressing the root cause of vomiting through various therapeutic modalities.