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Luděk Berec1, Veronika Bernhauerová2, Barbara Boldin3

  • 1Czech Academy of Sciences, Biology Centre, Institute of Entomology, Department of Ecology, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic; Institute of Mathematics and Biomathematics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice 37005, Czech Republic. Electronic address: http://www.entu.cas.cz/berec/.

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Summary

Male prey evolve their mate search rate, balancing mate acquisition against predation risk. This can lead to rapid mate searching or a slower, adaptive response to predators, especially specialists.

Keywords:
Adaptive dynamicsEvolutionary branchingLife history trade-offMating behaviourPredator-prey dynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Population dynamics

Background:

  • Mate acquisition strategies in prey species often involve conspicuous traits that increase predation risk.
  • A trade-off exists between efficiently finding mates and avoiding predators.
  • The mate-finding Allee effect, influenced by mate search rate, impacts population growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of male prey's mate search rate under predation pressure.
  • To analyze how generalist versus specialist predators affect this evolutionary dynamic.
  • To understand the interplay between mate search rate, predation, and the mate-finding Allee effect.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of prey population dynamics.
  • Analysis of evolutionary game theory principles applied to mating behavior.
  • Simulation of populations exposed to different predator types (generalist vs. specialist).

Main Results:

  • Male prey predominantly evolve to maximize their mate search rate, minimizing the Allee effect, or exhibit evolutionary bi-stability.
  • Bi-stability results in either a low mate search rate (adaptive predation response) or maximal rate, depending on initial conditions.
  • Disruptive selection favoring both fast and slow search rates is possible only with specialist predators, but this dimorphism is transient.

Conclusions:

  • The evolution of mate search rate is strongly influenced by predation type and initial population state.
  • While prey may adaptively slow mate searching in response to specialists, this is often a transient phase.
  • Overall, prey tend towards maximizing mate search rate, potentially overriding adaptive responses to predation risk.