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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of Advanced Functional Groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Cancer02:18

Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Cells and tissues must meticulously coordinate their activities for the normal functioning of the human body. Therefore, they exhibit socially responsible behavior - resting, growing, dividing, differentiating, or dying - for the organism’s benefit. Cancer arises when cells divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues or organs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples
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Isolation of Cancer Stem Cells From Human Prostate Cancer Samples

Published on: March 14, 2014

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Bisphosphonates for advanced prostate cancer.

Sascha Macherey1, Ina Monsef, Franziska Jahn

  • 1Cochrane Haematological Malignancies Group, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, Cologne, Germany, 50937.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|December 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Bisphosphonates may not significantly improve pain response in men with prostate cancer bone metastases. However, they likely reduce skeletal-related events and disease progression, despite increased risks of nausea and renal issues.

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Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Evidence-based Medicine

Background:

  • Metastatic bone disease in prostate cancer causes significant morbidity, including pain and fractures.
  • Skeletal complications contribute to poor quality of life and increased mortality.
  • Preventing pain and fractures is crucial for men with prostate cancer at risk for skeletal complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of bisphosphonates in managing bone metastases in prostate cancer patients.
  • To assess bisphosphonates' impact on pain, skeletal-related events, and overall survival.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
  • Included 18 trials with 4843 participants comparing bisphosphonates to control regimens.
  • Assessed outcomes including pain response, skeletal-related events, mortality, and adverse events using GRADE criteria.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in pain response between bisphosphonates and control groups (low-quality evidence).
  • Bisphosphonates likely reduce skeletal-related events (moderate-quality evidence) and disease progression (moderate-quality evidence).
  • Increased risk of nausea and renal adverse events observed with bisphosphonates (moderate-quality evidence).

Conclusions:

  • Bisphosphonates may not offer a clear benefit for pain response in prostate cancer bone metastases.
  • Potential benefits in reducing skeletal-related events and disease progression must be balanced against risks of renal impairment and nausea.
  • Further research with standardized tools is needed to evaluate patient-important outcomes like quality of life and pain.