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Related Concept Videos

Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Anatomical Movements00:51

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Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
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The Movement of Organelles and Vesicles01:43

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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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The force applied by fluids against a surface, known as hydrostatic pressure, initiates the transfer of fluid among different compartments. Within our blood vessels, the blood's hydrostatic pressure is a result of the heart's pumping action. At the arteriolar end of capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (capillary blood pressure) exceeds the opposing colloid osmotic pressure created primarily by plasma proteins like albumin. This discrepancy in pressure propels plasma and nutrients from the...
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Movement joints in buildings are essential design elements that accommodate inevitable motions caused by various factors such as temperature changes, moisture content variations, and structural deflections. These motions, if not considered in design and construction, can lead to unsightly or dangerous damage. Movement joints are incorporated in different forms to manage these stresses and allow materials to move without causing distress.
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Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a...
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Non-Aqueous Isolation and Enrichment of Glandular Capitate Stalked and Sessile Trichomes from Cannabis sativa
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Rapid Arm Movements in Stalked Crinoids.

C M Young, R H Emson

    The Biological Bulletin
    |December 28, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Stalked crinoids (Isocrinidae) actively wave their arms when stimulated by sand, anemones, or crustaceans. These arm movements are a direct response to mechanical stimuli, not for food collection.

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    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Echinodermata Research

    Background:

    • Stalked crinoids, specifically the family Isocrinidae, exhibit active arm waving.
    • The functional significance of this behavior has not been fully elucidated.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the stimuli that elicit arm waving in Isocrinidae.
    • To determine the function of arm waving in stalked crinoids.

    Main Methods:

    • Observation of crinoid behavior using video cameras.
    • Deployment of a manned submersible for in-situ studies.
    • Analysis of mechanical stimulation and its effects on arm movement.

    Main Results:

    • Arm waving is a direct response to mechanical stimuli such as sand, detritus, anemone tentacles, and crustacean contact.
    • No evidence suggests arm waving is related to food collection.
    • Arm flexure is driven by dorsal longitudinal muscles, with elastic recoil facilitating the return stroke.

    Conclusions:

    • Arm waving in Isocrinidae serves as a defensive or reactive behavior to environmental disturbances.
    • The observed movements are primarily triggered by direct physical contact or proximity to potential threats.