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Functional Consequences of Phenotypic Plasticity in Echinoid Larvae.

M W Hart, R R Strathmann

    The Biological Bulletin
    |December 28, 2017
    PubMed
    Summary

    Larval sand dollars develop longer feeding structures when food is scarce, increasing feeding rates. However, this phenotypic plasticity does not fully compensate for low food, leading to slower development and smaller juveniles.

    Area of Science:

    • Marine Biology
    • Developmental Biology
    • Echinoderm Ecology

    Background:

    • Phenotypic plasticity in feeding structures is observed in marine invertebrate larvae, particularly echinoids.
    • Echinoid larvae exhibit longer ciliated bands under scarce food conditions compared to abundant food.
    • This plasticity may enhance feeding rates during periods of limited food availability.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To replicate and confirm the phenotypic plasticity of ciliated band length in sand dollar larvae (Dendraster excentricus) under scarce food conditions.
    • To investigate the functional significance of longer ciliated bands on feeding rates and clearance efficiency.
    • To assess the overall impact of this plasticity on larval development time and juvenile size.

    Main Methods:

    • Larval cultures of Dendraster excentricus were maintained under controlled conditions with varying food availability (scarce vs. abundant).

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  • Measurements of ciliated band length and larval arm length were conducted.
  • Feeding rates and maximum clearance rates were assessed using suspended food particles.

    • Main Results:

    • Larvae grown in scarce food conditions developed significantly longer ciliated bands and arms.
    • Longer ciliated bands were correlated with higher maximum clearance rates, indicating enhanced particle capture efficiency.
    • Despite plasticity, larvae with scarce food experienced prolonged development and smaller metamorphosed juvenile size.

    Conclusions:

    • Phenotypic plasticity in feeding structures of Dendraster excentricus larvae enhances feeding efficiency under food limitation.
    • This adaptation provides a partial but incomplete compensation for reduced food availability.
    • The trade-off involves extended larval duration and reduced juvenile size, highlighting developmental constraints.