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Related Concept Videos

The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
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Eukaryotic Evolution01:24

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The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the nucleus-first hypothesis, the ancestral prokaryote first evolved a membrane to enclose DNA and form the nucleus. Conversely, the mitochondria-first hypothesis suggests that the nucleus was formed after endosymbiosis of mitochondria.
Contrary to the endosymbiont theory, the eukaryote-first hypothesis proposes that the simpler prokaryotic and...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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A Double Humanized BLT-mice Model Featuring a Stable Human-Like Gut Microbiome and Human Immune System
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The human microbiome in evolution.

Emily R Davenport1, Jon G Sanders2, Se Jin Song2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

BMC Biology
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding the gut microbiome requires an evolutionary lens. Comparing human gut microbes with those of animal relatives reveals host-specific configurations and their disruption consequences.

Keywords:
CodiversificationEvolutionHabitat filteringMicrobiomeTransmission

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Human Biology

Background:

  • The gut microbiota, comprising trillions of microbes, significantly impacts human health and disease.
  • Previous research has focused on gut microbiome diversity, but an evolutionary perspective is crucial for comprehensive understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare gut microbiomes across human populations and their animal relatives.
  • To explore mechanisms driving host-specific microbiome configurations and the effects of their disruption.
  • To highlight the utility of a phylogenetic approach in understanding human-microbiome interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of gut microbiome data from diverse human populations.
  • Examination of microbial communities in closely and distantly related animal species.
  • Review of existing literature on microbiome assembly and host-microbe co-evolution.

Main Results:

  • Human gut microbiomes exhibit variations influenced by evolutionary history and host phylogeny.
  • Specific mechanisms contribute to the development of host-specific microbial communities.
  • Disruption of these configurations can have significant health implications.

Conclusions:

  • An evolutionary and phylogenetic perspective is essential for a complete understanding of the human gut microbiome.
  • This approach provides valuable insights into the complex mechanisms governing human-microbiome interactions.
  • Future research should integrate evolutionary biology to further elucidate microbiome functions and dysfunctions.