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Related Concept Videos

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

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Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
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Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

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Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
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Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications01:09

Bioequivalence of Drugs: Drugs with Multiple Indications

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The concept of therapeutic equivalence (TE) in drugs with multiple indications is complex. A generic drug may be therapeutically equivalent to a brand-name product for one specific indication, but this doesn't necessarily mean it's equivalent for all other indications. Evidence of TE in one patient group and bioequivalence shown in healthy volunteers can support—but not confirm—TE for other indications. However, definitive proof requires individual clinical studies for each...
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FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs01:26

FDA Approved Drugs: Changes to Approved Drugs

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Post-approval, manufacturers may modify an approved new or generic drug product. Such modifications can encompass alterations in the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API), manufacturing process, formulation, batch size, manufacturing site, and container closure system (FDA Guidance for Industry, April 2004). Often, a drug product may undergo multiple changes.These modifications require careful evaluation to determine their potential impact on the drug product's identity, strength, quality,...
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Induced-fit Model01:13

Induced-fit Model

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Most chemical reactions in cells require enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up the reaction without being consumed or permanently changed. They reduce the activation energy needed to convert the reactants into products. Enzymes are proteins, that usually work by binding to a substrate—a reactant molecule that they act upon.
Enzymes exhibit substrate specificity, meaning that they can only bind to certain substrates. This is mainly determined by the shape and chemical...
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Tissue-Drug Binding: Localization of Drugs and its Significance01:24

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Body tissues, comprising approximately 40% of the body weight, are crucial in drug distribution and localization. These tissues can serve as drug storage sites, competing with plasma binding sites for drug molecules.
Drugs can bind to different tissue components, enhancing their distribution and localization. The factors influencing drug localization in tissues include the drug's lipophilicity, structural characteristics, tissue perfusion rate, and pH differences. These factors determine...
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Related Experiment Video

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Tracking Drug-induced Changes in Receptor Post-internalization Trafficking by Colocalizational Analysis
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[Drug-Induced Akathisia].

Toshiya Inada1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and Psychobiology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|December 29, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Antipsychotic-induced akathisia, a condition of inner and motor restlessness, is challenging to treat. While antipsychotic dose reduction is ideal, it

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Akathisia is characterized by subjective inner restlessness and objective motor phenomena.
  • While broadly defined, this review focuses on antipsychotic-induced akathisia.
  • Antipsychotic medication changes are the primary treatment but often impractical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review pharmacological treatments for antipsychotic-induced akathisia.
  • To discuss the challenges in managing this condition.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pharmacological interventions for akathisia.
  • Analysis of treatment options based on drug classes.

Main Results:

  • Several drug classes show potential for managing akathisia.

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  • Anticholinergic agents, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, and serotonin 2A antagonists are discussed.
  • Treatment efficacy and side effect profiles vary.

    • Conclusions:

    • Managing antipsychotic-induced akathisia requires careful consideration of pharmacological options.
    • Further research may be needed to optimize treatment strategies.