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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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The time response of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system can be divided into transient and steady-state responses. The transient response represents the system's initial reaction to a change in input and diminishes to zero over time. In contrast, the steady-state response is the behavior that persists after the transient effects have faded.
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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Quantifying Human Norovirus Virus-like Particles Binding to Commensal Bacteria Using Flow Cytometry
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Norovirus-like VP1 particles exhibit isolate dependent stability profiles.

Ronja Pogan1, Carola Schneider, Rudolph Reimer

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Norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) show varied stability. GI.1 variants exhibit pH-dependent disassembly, while GII.17 capsids remain stable, offering insights into norovirus gastroenteritis control.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Structural Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Noroviruses are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis, with frequent emergence of new variants.
  • Human noroviruses are classified into three genogroups based on their major capsid protein sequences.
  • Recombinant expression of capsid proteins forms virus-like particles (VLPs), useful for studying viral structure and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the stability differences of norovirus virus-like particles (VLPs) from different genogroups and variants.
  • To understand the impact of pH and ionic strength on VLP disassembly.
  • To identify potential structural determinants of capsid stability.

Main Methods:

  • Native mass spectrometry was employed to analyze VLP structure and disassembly.
  • Electron microscopy provided high-resolution structural insights.
  • VLP stability was assessed across a range of pH and ionic strength conditions using ammonium acetate solutions.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences in capsid stability were observed between norovirus genogroups (GI.1 vs. GII.17) and even between variants within the same genotype.
  • GI.1.1 West Chester isolate showed increased sensitivity to alkaline pH compared to the prototypical GI.1 Norwalk virus.
  • GII.17 capsids demonstrated remarkable stability under all tested conditions, forming smaller particles at neutral pH.

Conclusions:

  • Norovirus VLP stability is highly dependent on the specific genogroup and even strain, with implications for viral persistence and transmission.
  • Amino acid substitutions, particularly in the S domain, may influence capsid assembly and stability, potentially leading to the formation of T=1 capsids.
  • Understanding these stability differences is crucial for developing effective strategies against norovirus gastroenteritis.