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Transcription

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...

Transcription

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...

Transcription Factors

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These...

Master Transcription Regulators

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

The Interplay between G-quadruplex and Transcription.

¹Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States.

Current Medicinal Chemistry

|December 30, 2017

Summary

G-quadruplex (G4) DNA structures can regulate gene expression and impact cell fate. These structures also represent hotspots for genome instability, influenced by transcription levels and orientation.

Keywords:

G4 DNA R-loops Top1 genome stability supercoiling transcription.

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Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Published on: September 19, 2017

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Epigenetics

Background:

G-quadruplex (G4) DNA is a non-canonical DNA structure formed by guanine-rich sequences.
While G4 DNA chemistry is well-studied, its biological functions are emerging.
G4 DNA plays roles in gene regulation and genome stability.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the interplay between transcription and G-quadruplex DNA.
To explore G4 DNA as an epigenetic regulator of gene expression and cell fate.
To discuss G4 DNA's role in genome instability at specific genomic loci.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on G-quadruplex DNA.
Analysis of evidence for G4 DNA's role in gene expression regulation.
Examination of genetic studies on G4 DNA and genome instability.

Main Results:

G-quadruplex DNA structural changes can act as epigenetic regulators of gene expression.
Genomic loci with G4 DNA-forming sequences are susceptible to instability.
Transcription level and orientation critically influence G4 DNA-associated genome instability.

Conclusions:

G-quadruplex DNA represents a significant layer of non-genetic gene regulation.
G4 DNA is implicated in determining cell fate through gene expression modulation.
Understanding G4 DNA's role is crucial for comprehending genome stability mechanisms.