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Related Concept Videos

Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
Enzyme deficiencies can often translate into life-threatening diseases. For example, a genetic abnormality resulting in the deficiency of the enzyme G6PD...
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Enzyme Kinetics01:19

Enzyme Kinetics

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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
Scientists typically study enzyme kinetics with a fixed amount of enzyme in the controlled environment of a test tube. When more reactant, or substrate, is...
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Enzyme-linked Receptors01:00

Enzyme-linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are proteins that act as both receptor and enzyme, activating multiple intracellular signals. This is a large group of receptors that include the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. Many growth factors and hormones bind to and activate the RTKs.
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
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Enzyme Inhibition01:30

Enzyme Inhibition

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Inhibitors are molecules that reduce enzyme activity by binding to the enzyme. In a normally functioning cell, enzymes are regulated by a variety of inhibitors. Drugs and other toxins can also inhibit enzymes. Some inhibitors bind to the enzyme’s active site, while others inhibit enzymatic activity by binding to other sites on the protein structure.
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Introduction to Enzymes01:22

Introduction to Enzymes

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
Most enzymes are proteins that speed up biochemical reactions without being consumed. Enzymes contain one or more active sites that...
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Restriction Enzymes01:11

Restriction Enzymes

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Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
The host bacteria protect their own genomic DNA from these enzymes by methylating these sites. Some...
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Related Experiment Video

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Multi-enzyme Screening Using a High-throughput Genetic Enzyme Screening System
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Multi-enzyme Screening Using a High-throughput Genetic Enzyme Screening System

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Enzymes as Immunotherapeutics.

Shaheen A Farhadi1, Evelyn Bracho-Sanchez1, Sabrina L Freeman1

  • 1J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States.

Bioconjugate Chemistry
|December 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enzyme immunotherapies leverage enzymes to modulate immune signals. Strategies like chemical modification and encapsulation enhance enzyme accumulation or circulation time for improved therapeutic efficacy.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry and Immunology
  • Biotechnology and Drug Development

Background:

  • Enzymes can modulate local immune signals, making them promising immunotherapeutics.
  • Clinical success depends on sustained enzyme activity over therapeutic time scales.
  • Enzyme localization (systemic vs. targeted) influences design strategies for half-life and accumulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review methods for enhancing enzyme immunotherapeutic efficacy.
  • To discuss strategies for increasing enzyme accumulation at target sites or extending circulation half-life.
  • To highlight FDA-approved therapies and emerging experimental approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Survey of chemical modification, encapsulation, and immobilization techniques.
  • Analysis of strategies to control enzyme localization and pharmacokinetics.
  • Review of case studies for replacement and enhancement therapies.

Main Results:

  • Chemical modification, encapsulation, and immobilization can improve enzyme accumulation and half-life.
  • Targeted enzyme delivery enhances efficacy for localized substrates.
  • Systemic enzyme delivery benefits from extended circulation half-life.
  • Existing therapies and novel strategies show promise for various immune conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing enzyme localization and stability is crucial for effective immunotherapeutics.
  • Diverse strategies exist to enhance enzyme immunotherapeutic performance.
  • Future research focuses on improving antitumor immunity and resolving inflammation.