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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.6K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

7.1K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Energy Diagrams - II01:10

Energy Diagrams - II

14.1K
Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the system.
The point in the energy diagram at which the system’s potential energy is the lowest is known as the local minima. The system tends to stay in this position indefinitely unless acted upon by a net force. The slope of the potential energy diagram at the local minima is zero, indicating that zero net force is acting on the system. The...
14.1K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Free-body Diagram01:28

Free-body Diagram

3.8K
In mechanics, understanding the motion of objects is essential, and one tool that helps solve this problem is the free-body diagram. It is a simple but powerful graphical representation that succinctly represents all the forces acting on an object. A free-body diagram can represent a stationary or moving object, and is used in mechanics to explain the cause of an object's motion.
A free-body diagram transforms a complex problem into a simple representation, making it easy to understand the...
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Navigating at Will on the Water Phase Diagram.

S Pipolo1, M Salanne2, G Ferlat1

  • 1Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, IMPMC, F-75005 Paris, France.

Physical Review Letters
|December 30, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method using generalized coordinates to track water

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Water exhibits complex polymorphism with unconfirmed features.
  • Understanding water's phase transitions is crucial for various scientific disciplines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically track transitions among water's liquid, amorphous, and crystalline forms.
  • To investigate crystal nucleation above and below the melting point.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a novel space of generalized coordinates to capture topological changes.
  • Employed molecular dynamics and enhanced sampling/free energy calculation techniques.

Main Results:

  • Successfully tracked transitions across the entire phase diagram of water.
  • Observed nucleation of crystals in various conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The generalized coordinate approach provides a systematic way to study phase transitions.
  • This method is applicable to diverse materials and structural phase transitions.