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Sex differences in the brain: Implications for behavioral and biomedical research
Elena Choleris1, Liisa A M Galea2, Farida Sohrabji3
1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, MacKinnon Bldg. Room 4020, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|December 31, 2017
Summary
This review highlights sex differences in the neurobiology of behavior and brain injury recovery. Understanding these differences, particularly the role of estrogens, is crucial for advancing neuroscience research.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Neurobiology
Background:
- Biological sex differences exist across multiple levels.
- Females are historically under-represented in behavioral neuroscience research.
- This under-representation hinders the study of sex-based neurobiological and behavioral differences.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review sex differences in the neurobiology of social behavior, memory, emotions, and brain injury recovery.
- To emphasize the role of estrogens in regulating forebrain function.
- To provide experimental tools for addressing mandates for including both sexes in biomedical research.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on sex differences in mammalian neurobiology.
- Focus on studies documenting and investigating mechanistic bases of sex differences.
- Synthesis of approaches from various mammalian species.
Main Results:
- Sex differences are documented across social behavior, memory, emotions, and brain injury.
- Estrogens play a significant role in regulating forebrain function.
- Mammalian research provides models for understanding mechanistic bases of sex differences.
Conclusions:
- Addressing sex as a biological variable is essential for comprehensive neuroscience.
- Estrogen's influence on the brain is a key area for understanding sex differences.
- This review offers insights and tools to comply with funding agency regulations requiring sex inclusion in research.
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