Sulforaphane Modifies Histone H3, Unpacks Chromatin, and Primes Defense

Modern crop production calls for agrochemicals that prime plants for enhanced defense. Reliable test systems for spotting priming-inducing chemistry, however, are rare. We developed an assay for the high-throughput search for compounds that prime microbial pattern-induced secretion of antimicrobial furanocoumarins (phytoalexins) in cultured parsley cells. The screen produced 1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinylbutane (sulforaphane; SFN), a secondary metabolite in many crucifers, as a novel defense priming compound. While elucidating SFN's mode of action in defense priming, we found that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsisthaliana) the isothiocyanate provokes covalent modification (K4me3, K9ac) of histone H3 in the promoter and promoter-proximal region of defense genes WRKY6 and PDF12, but not PR1 SFN-triggered H3K4me3 and H3K9ac coincide with chromatin unpacking in the WRKY6 and PDF12 regulatory regions, primed WRKY6 expression, unprimed PDF12 activation, and reduced susceptibility to downy mildew disease (Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis). Because SFN also directly inhibits Harabidopsidis and other plant pathogens, the isothiocyanate is promising for the development of a plant protectant with a dual mode of action.