Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

33.4K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
33.4K
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

3.4K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
3.4K
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

41.3K
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
41.3K
Depressants01:28

Depressants

481
Depressant drugs, including alcohol and sedative-hypnotics, diminish central nervous system activity by enhancing the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter that reduces brain activity and promotes relaxation. These substances can have various therapeutic uses but also pose significant risks, especially when misused or combined.
Alcohol is a common depressant that can induce a sense of relaxation and reduced inhibition at low doses. Contrary to its occasional...
481
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

109.4K
Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
109.4K
Depression: Overview01:18

Depression: Overview

935
Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...
935

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Impact of sex chromosomes and gonad type in stress susceptibility in corticostriatal brain regions.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Acute Estradiol Bridges Gut Microbiome Composition With Cognition.

Biological psychiatry global open science·2026
Same author

TNF-mediated hilar interneuron loss and aberrant granule cell migration are associated with chronic cognitive deficits following TBI.

Brain, behavior, and immunity·2025
Same author

Perinatal citalopram exposure alters the gut composition and microbial metabolic profiles of Sprague-Dawley rat dams and female offspring but not male offspring.

Biology of sex differences·2025
Same author

Olive-derived elenolic acid surpasses metformin and rivals liraglutide in managing blood glucose and obesity in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.

The Journal of nutritional biochemistry·2025
Same author

Her and His Responses to Social Defeat Stress: One Metric Does Not Fit All.

Biological psychiatry·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia
08:32

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Published on: October 25, 2016

13.9K

Deciphering sex differences in the immune system and depression.

Jennifer R Rainville1, Mariya Tsyglakova2, Georgia E Hodes1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
|December 31, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Sex differences in the immune system may explain why women are more prone to depression and autoimmune diseases. Hormonal and genetic factors influence immune responses, contributing to mood disorder development.

Keywords:
DepressionEstrogenImmune functionProgesteroneStressTestosterone

More Related Videos

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro
16:13

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Published on: June 13, 2011

20.5K
In Vitro Method to Study Sex-Based Differences in Conjunctival Goblet Cells
06:28

In Vitro Method to Study Sex-Based Differences in Conjunctival Goblet Cells

Published on: July 28, 2023

865

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia
08:32

Sex Differences in Mouse Hippocampal Astrocytes after In-Vitro Ischemia

Published on: October 25, 2016

13.9K
Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro
16:13

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Published on: June 13, 2011

20.5K
In Vitro Method to Study Sex-Based Differences in Conjunctival Goblet Cells
06:28

In Vitro Method to Study Sex-Based Differences in Conjunctival Goblet Cells

Published on: July 28, 2023

865

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Sex Differences in Disease

Background:

  • Mood disorders and autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect females.
  • The underlying reasons for these sex-based disparities remain largely unknown.
  • Understanding sex-based immune system variations is crucial for disease etiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between depression and the immune system from a sex-based perspective.
  • To characterize sex differences in immune function during health and disease.
  • To investigate the role of hormones and genetics in sex-specific immune mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sex differences in the immune system.
  • Analysis of the contribution of gonadal and stress hormones to immune function.
  • Examination of cellular and molecular immune mechanisms in the brain and body.

Main Results:

  • Detailed characterization of sex-based immune system differences in health and disease states.
  • Exploration of how gonadal and stress hormones modulate immune responses differently between sexes.
  • Identification of potential hormonal and genetic factors influencing sex-specific immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Hormonal and genetic factors play a significant role in sex-specific immune mechanisms.
  • These sex-specific immune pathways may contribute to the higher prevalence of mood disorders in females.
  • Further research into neuroimmunology and sex-based differences is warranted for understanding and treating mood disorders.