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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Ophthalmic gels: Past, present and future.

Ali A Al-Kinani1, Ghada Zidan2, Naba Elsaid3

  • 1Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Research Theme, Kingston University London, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston Upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.

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PubMed
Summary

Ophthalmic gels, including hydrogels and in situ systems, offer advanced drug delivery for eye diseases. These systems improve treatment duration, patient compliance, and clinical outcomes for conditions like glaucoma and macular degeneration.

Keywords:
3D bioprintingContact lensesGel-forming eye dropsHydrogelsIn-situ gelling systemsOcular tolerabilityOphthalmic gels

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Biomaterials and Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Aqueous gels (hydrogels) and stimuli-responsive polymers (in situ gelling systems) are increasingly important for ophthalmic applications.
  • These systems enable effective incorporation of ophthalmic pharmaceuticals for targeted drug delivery to ocular sites.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review ophthalmic gelling systems, focusing on gel formation mechanisms and ophthalmology applications.
  • To critically appraise characterization techniques, safety, and biocompatibility of these systems.
  • To cover novel ophthalmic gels, including stimuli-responsive, imprinted, nanogels, and 3D-printed hydrogels and devices.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ophthalmic gelling systems.
  • Analysis of gel formation mechanisms and characterization techniques.
  • Evaluation of safety and biocompatibility data.

Main Results:

  • Integration of nanotechnology and responsive systems can extend treatment duration from hours to months, reducing dosing frequency.
  • Novel applications include contact lenses, intracanalicular devices, intraocular pumps, injections, and implants.
  • Emerging areas include stimuli-responsive gels, nanogels, 3D-printed hydrogels, and their use in artificial corneas and wound healing.

Conclusions:

  • Ophthalmic gelling systems offer significant potential to improve treatment for various eye diseases, including glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration.
  • Advanced systems enhance drug delivery, patient compliance, and clinical outcomes.
  • Future applications in artificial corneas, corneal wound healing, and advanced contact lenses show promise.