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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

157.4K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.3K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

28.0K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection
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Spatially translatable optical fiber-coupled heterodyne interferometer.

Byonghoon Seo1, Paul M Bellan1

  • 1Applied Physics and Materials Science, Caltech, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|January 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new fiber-coupled interferometer can now measure electron density at various locations in plasma jets. This advancement allows for detailed analysis of plasma jet collisions with target clouds and their effects on jet velocity.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Interferometry
  • Diagnostic tools

Background:

  • Interferometers are valuable for measuring line-averaged electron density.
  • Traditional interferometers are limited to fixed measurement locations.
  • Understanding plasma jet dynamics requires spatially resolved measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a spatially translatable interferometer for plasma diagnostics.
  • To measure the electron density of a high-speed MHD-driven plasma jet interacting with a target cloud.
  • To deduce changes in jet velocity based on electron density profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a fiber-coupled interferometer system.
  • Employed a Helium-Neon (He-Ne) laser coupled to a polarization-maintaining single-mode optical fiber.
  • Integrated a vacuum feedthrough for robust operation.
  • Achieved spatial translation of the interferometer setup.

Main Results:

  • Successfully measured the spatial-temporal profile of line-averaged electron density.
  • Observed the interaction of an MHD-driven plasma jet with a target cloud.
  • Obtained data indicative of changes in jet velocity post-collision.

Conclusions:

  • The spatially translatable interferometer enables dynamic measurements of plasma jet characteristics.
  • This technique provides insights into the effects of collisions on plasma jet velocity.
  • The developed system enhances the diagnostic capabilities for high-speed plasma phenomena.