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The relationship between urban forests and race: A meta-analysis
Shannon Lea Watkins1, Ed Gerrish2
1University of California, San Francisco, USA.
Journal of Environmental Management
|January 1, 2018
Summary
Urban forest cover shows significant race-based inequity, with minority communities experiencing fewer trees. This meta-analysis highlights the need for equitable urban forestry practices, especially on public lands.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Justice
- Urban Forestry
- Spatial Analysis
Background:
- Urban trees provide significant physical, mental, and social health benefits to residents.
- The environmental justice hypothesis suggests environmental amenities are unequally distributed in disadvantaged communities.
- Existing research on urban forest cover and race is conflicting and often limited to single cities.
Purpose of the Study:
- To synthesize existing research on the relationship between urban forest cover and race.
- To determine if race-based inequities exist in urban tree distribution.
- To identify factors influencing variations in urban forest cover across studies.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search and meta-analytic techniques were employed.
- A meta-analysis of 40 studies with 388 effect sizes examined the unconditional relationship between urban forest cover and race.
- Meta-regressions incorporated study characteristics and site data to explore variation drivers.
Main Results:
- Significant race-based inequity in urban forest cover was found.
- The relationship between urban forest cover and race varied by racial group and study methodology.
- Inequity was particularly significant on public land, with city characteristics explaining some variation.
Conclusions:
- Evidence confirms race-based inequity in urban forest distribution.
- Urban forestry professionals should consider equity implications, especially concerning public lands.
- Future urban forestry programs must prioritize equitable distribution of tree canopy benefits.
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