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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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When two waves of the same nature occur in the same region simultaneously, they result in interference. Interference of waves implies that the net effect of the waves is the sum of the individual waves' effects. However, it does not imply that the individual waves affect the propagation of other waves.
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Consider two sources of sound, that may or may not be in phase, emitting waves at a single frequency, and consider the frequencies to be the same.
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Autonomy, Competence and Non-interference.

Joseph T F Roberts1

  • 1Politics, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, Arthur Lewis Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. joseph.roberts-2@manchester.ac.uk.

HEC Forum : an Interdisciplinary Journal on Hospitals' Ethical and Legal Issues
|January 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Competence, not autonomy, should protect individuals from paternalism. Demonstrating competence grants rights to non-interference, ensuring personal value pursuit.

Keywords:
AutonomyCompetenceLiberalismNon-interferencePaternalism

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Area of Science:

  • Bioethics
  • Philosophy of Medicine

Background:

  • The term "autonomy" is used inconsistently in bioethics.
  • Autonomy is often assigned an anti-paternalistic role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose "competence" as a better concept than "autonomy" for the anti-paternalistic role.
  • To establish a "risk-sensitive account of competence" to ground rights to non-interference.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of "autonomy" and "competence" in bioethics.
  • Development of a "risk-sensitive account of competence" based on three capacities.

Main Results:

  • Competence, when demonstrated, can provide robust spheres of non-interference.
  • A risk-sensitive account of competence grounds rights to non-interference.

Conclusions:

  • Competence is a more stable concept than autonomy for anti-paternalistic protection.
  • Individuals demonstrating competence should have rights to non-interference to pursue their values.