Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 16, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
Published on: March 24, 2018
Comparison of Retrograde, Primary and Secondary Bonding Materials with Tooth Substance
Tabinda Nawaz Khan1, Syed Yawar Ali Abidi2
1Department of Science of Dental Materials, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS), Karachi.
Objective:
To compare the microleakage of MTA (mineral trioxide aggregate) and resin-modified GIC (glass ionomer vitremer) as retrograde endodontic material.
Study Design:
Experimental study.
Place And Duration Of Study:
Operative Department of DIIKIOHS (DUHS) and NED University, Karachi, from February to June 2014.
Methodology:
Forty human anterior teeth were divided into four groups. Each tooth was endodontically treated. Apical cavity preparations were performed on all teeth. The retropreparations were filled either with MTA (Group 1), Vitremer (Group 2), or only covered with nail polish (Group 3). The root surfaces of the first three groups were coated with nail polish. In Group 4 (positive control), neither retrograde filling was placed nor the nail polish was applied. The teeth were then suspended in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 10 days at 37°C. Sections were made along the long axis of teeth to determine the depth of linear dye penetration. Using Mann-Whitney test the comparison, p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results:
MTA had no significant difference in apical dye leakage (p = 0.122) than did the vitremer.
Conclusion:
MTA is equivalent to vitremer in preventing microleakage when used as retrograde filling material.
Related Concept Videos
Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
Effective reinforcers for humans vary depending on the individual and the context. Primary reinforcers, such as food, water, sleep, shelter, and pleasure, have inherent value and satisfy basic biological...
Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
Peptide Bonds
Bonding in Metals
Ionic Bonds
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

